Let’s look at a case of this in
nature. Today’s question – Why is it so
hard to catch or swat a fly? The answer involves fighter jets, optical
illusions, and yes, time manipulation.
Ever try to catch a fly? It ain’t easy. Swatting them
can be frustrating even though most fly swatters have an area that is more than 350x
bigger than the fly itself. It’s even harder to catch or hit them with your hand,
and it’s as big or bigger than a fly swatter. We aren’t all as skilled as Pat
Morita and his chopsticks in The Karate
Kid.
One big reason that it’s hard to catch or swat a fly is because
they know you’re coming. It’s not mental telepathy or a glimpse into the
Matrix; it’s just that house flies (Musca domestica) and fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as well as many other types of flies have
sensory apparatus to let them know something big and powerful is coming at
them.
First of all, look at their heads. They are
almost all eyes. Each eye is not a single sensory organ, but is made up of 4000
individual ommatidia (omma = eye and tidium = small). Each ommatidium
faces a slightly different direction, so all together, they give the fly a 360˚
field of vision. You can’t sneak up
on them unless they’re asleep or dead.
Each ommatidium senses light
changes or objects, so a large moving object (like a fly swatter) will be
picked up by several thousand eyes and will alert the fly. The ommatidia aren’t
particularly good at resolving objects, but the fact that there are so many of
them makes the fly very good at detecting movement. So the fly flies away and you
curse under your breath.
Even if you do swing at a distracted,
contemplative, or sleeping fly with your rolled up newspaper, book, or hand –
you’re still most likely to miss. Flies have sensilla (see this post) on their bodies that contain sensitive
mechanoreceptors. The object moving toward them creates an air pressure wave that
distorts the receptors. This sends a neural impulse through the giant fibers that make up much of the
fly’s reflex arcs, and they immediately fly away.
This is why fly swatters are usually made of plastic or metal mesh. The little holes reduce the amount of air that the
swatter pushes toward the fly, so that he's less likely to sense his coming
doom. This is also one of the reasons it’s harder to hit them with your
hand. Your hand is solid, so it pushes more air toward the fly. But also, the
lever arm of the fly swatter (the long handle) creates a greater angular
velocity, so it's traveling faster toward the fly than you could move your
hand alone.
The quick reaction due to visual or
mechanical stimuli is even more amazing when you consider the tarsal reflex. Wing movements are inhibited when the fly is
resting on your egg salad. It can't flap when its legs a resting on a surface. A startled fly has to
overcome the tarsal reflex inhibition before it can fly away.
Interestingly, the reflex problem for the fly turns
into a problem for you. To overcome the tarsal reflex, the mesothoracic (middle) legs push off and the fly jumps. Now it isn’t
in contact with a surface and can therefore flap its wings. But the jump is always
away from your impinging deathblow. Take a look at this video to see the jump.
A 2008 paper showed that the fly plans the jump up to 200 milliseconds (0.002
sec) before its flight, so that it will jump directly away from the approaching
object. He’s evading you even before he really starts trying.
Fruit flies and house flies can avoid most
attempts at assassination just through these actions, but they have other tools
at their disposal as well. For one thing, they can turn away from an
approaching object and head off in another direction in only 0.03 seconds. The
same group that conducted the 2008 study also showed in 2014 paper how a flying fly avoids
visually perceived objects.
They saw that the fly can
bank and turn all the way over or pull up and fly back over its own head in a
flipping motion in order to change direction. They move their body, and they
counter with subtle wing movements to reorient themselves within just 1.5
wing beats - and they beat their wings over 200 times a second. (see video)
And now we get to the relationship between
flies and Neo (other than the observation that Mr. Anderson can fly). To a fly,
we mere mortals seem to be moving in slow motion. This phenomenon has to do with
their metabolic rate.
It was observed long ago that bigger animals
tend to live longer than smaller animals. It was also known that smaller
animals had faster heart rates and faster metabolic rates (they make and used energy
faster) than larger animals. This led to the rate of living (ROL) hypothesis of life span. The faster your metabolism,
the shorter your lifespan. This hypothesis fell out of vogue as oversimplified,
but has made a remarkable comeback in the last decade.
In fact, a 2011 study showed that people with
slower heart rates and lower resting metabolic rates tend to live longer than
people with faster resting metabolic rates. It seems that, “Live fast and die
young,” is more than just a macho platitude.
A 2013 study has taken this
observation even further. Small animals with higher metabolic rates tend to
process stimuli faster as well. They can sense, process, interpret, and react
to a stimulus in the same amount of time a human needs to recognize the snowball
that's coming at his head.
It’s as if (not really) time moves slower for
the smallest animals as compared to us. This is yet another reason that the fly
is likely to avoid reading your People magazine from very close up. Like Neo seeing the
bullets in flight or the coming head butt from Agent Smith, flies sense and
react on a completely different time scale.
This makes me feel better. Some mayflies live
only 5 minutes as a flying adult (see this post), and house flies have a life
span of about three weeks regardless of whether you hunt them or not, but
this doesn’t have to be so sad. If time passes slower for flies, then maybe
their life is long enough to fulfill all their dreams and
learn about love, loss, and which wine goes with which meat. What’s important
is not the minutes in their life, but the life in their minutes.
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